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<p>從 JSON 檔案批量匯入</p> <p><b>新頁面</b></p><div>瓜實蠅（學名：Bactrocera cucurbitae）是實蠅科的一種果蠅。牠是一種嚴重的農業害蟲，尤其在夏威夷。<br /> <br /> ==鑑定特徵==<br /> <br /> ===成蠅===<br /> 瓜實蠅成蟲體長6至8一毫米。其顯著特徵包括翅膀的圖案、第三觸角節較長、胸部背板呈紅黃色並帶有淡黃色標記，以及頭部呈黃色並帶有黑點。<br /> <br /> ===卵===<br /> 卵呈橢圓形，長約2一毫米，為純白色。其腹面近乎平坦，背面則較為凸出。卵常呈些微縱向彎曲。<br /> <br /> ===幼蟲===<br /> 幼蟲呈圓筒蛆狀、細長，前端變窄且腹面稍微彎曲。其具有前端口鉤、腹面紡錘形區域和扁平的尾端。末齡幼蟲體長介於7.5至11.8一毫米之間。<br /> <br /> ===蛹===<br /> 蛹殼顏色從暗紅色或褐黃色到暗白色不等，長約5至6一毫米。<br /> <br /> ==生活史==<br /> 從卵到成蟲的發育期為12至28天。雌蠅最多可產下1,000顆卵。卵通常產於2-4毫米深的幼果中，但也會產在寄主植物的多汁莖部。雌蠅會用其銳利的產卵管刺入組織，將卵產於其中。<br /> <br /> 化蛹通常在土壤中進行。一年可有多達8至10個世代。<br /> <br /> ==行為==<br /> 瓜實蠅最常見於耕作區附近低矮、多葉、多汁的植物上。在炎熱天氣中，牠們會停留在葉片下側和陰涼處。牠們是飛行能力強的昆蟲，通常在早晨和下午飛行。牠們以腐爛水果的汁液、花蜜、鳥糞和植物汁液為食。<br /> <br /> 成熟的雄性瓜實蠅會被數種引誘劑吸引，例如：洋茴香基丙酮、克蠅（cue-lure）、覆盆子酮和薑酮。牠們是一些蘭花的授粉者／訪花者，特別是豆蘭屬（蘭科）的物種，這些蘭花會釋放含有覆盆子酮或薑酮的花香作為花引誘劑與獎勵。<br /> <br /> 此外，雄性的性費洛蒙成分能強力嚇阻蜥蜴的捕食。<br /> <br /> ==分布==<br /> <br /> 瓜實蠅原產於印度，分布於該國大部分地區。牠們遍布南亞大部分地區、非洲數個國家以及太平洋的一些島群。<br /> <br /> 在美國，牠是第一種在夏威夷立足的實蠅科果蠅。約在1895年從日本引入該地，至1897年首次被觀測到時，已成為一種嚴重的害蟲。<br /> <br /> 此物種尚未在美國本土立足，但經常在港口被攔截。偶爾會有族群建立，但隨後即被根除。<br /> <br /> ==寄主植物==<br /> <br /> 瓜實蠅的寄主植物至少有125種。牠們是豆類、苦瓜、冬瓜、胡瓜、茄子、青豆、葫蘆、絲瓜、瓜類、辣椒、南瓜、夏南瓜、冬瓜、番茄、西瓜和櫛瓜的主要害蟲。<br /> <br /> ==危害==<br /> 在東洋界，瓜實蠅被認為是對瓜類及其他相關作物最具破壞性的害蟲。在夏威夷，即使在作物結果之前，幼蟲就會取食生長中的作物，對南瓜和夏南瓜造成嚴重損害。<br /> <br /> 瓜實蠅可危害花、莖、根部組織及果實。<br /> <br /> ==防治==<br /> <br /> ===非化學防治===<br /> <br /> ====物理防治====<br /> 有兩種常見的物理防治方法。一種是在果實發育時使用保護性覆蓋物（套袋）。另一種是使用誘捕器。前者成本效益較低，卻是不影響環境的最佳防治方式。<br /> <br /> ====栽培管理====<br /> 最有效的栽培管理技術是銷毀無商品價值的受侵害果實，並在採收完成後立即清除作物殘株。<br /> <br /> ====生物防治====<br /> <br /> 1947年至1952年間，夏威夷引進了果蠅的天敵。在此期間，共釋放了三十二種與變種的寄生性天敵。牠們將卵產於蛆的卵中，然後在蛹期羽化。<br /> <br /> 當使用繭蜂科寄生蜂，如阿里山跳小繭蜂（Fopius arisanus）或弗氏詠小繭蜂（Pysttalia fletcheri），同時攻擊瓜實蠅的卵和幼蟲時，發育抑制率高達56%。<br /> <br /> 此外，雄性不育技術也被用於生物防治，並成功在日本根除此蠅。<br /> <br /> ===化學防治===<br /> 防治方法包括將含毒劑的餌劑施用於果蠅的庇護所，以及將噴劑施用於作物上。<br /> <br /> 在殺蟲噴劑中使用蛋白質液體引誘劑是控制瓜實蠅族群的有效方法。這種毒餌殺蟲劑被噴灑在作為瓜實蠅庇護所的闊葉植物上。這些餌劑會誘使成蟲取食噴灑的殘留物。<br /> <br /> ==參考文獻==<br /> <br /> ==延伸閱讀==<br /> * Agarwal, M. L., D. D. Sharma and O. Rahman. 1987. Melon Fruit-Fly and Its Control. Indian Horticulture. 32(3): 10-11.<br /> * Bess, H. A., R. van den Bosch and F. H. Haramoto. 1961. Fruit Fly Parasites and Their Activities in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 27(3): 367-378.<br /> * Heppner, J. B. 1989. Larvae of Fruit Flies. V. Dacus cucurbitae (Melon Fly) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Fla. Dept. Agric. &amp; Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular No. 315. 2 pages.<br /> * Hill, D. S. 1983. Dacus cucurbitae Coq. pp.一391. In Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and Their Control, 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. 746 pages.<br /> * Lall, B. S. 1975. Studies on the Biology and Control of Fruit Fly, Dacus cucurbitae COQ. Pesticides. 9(10): 31-36.<br /> * Liquido, N. J., R. T. Cunningham, and H. M. Couey. 1989. Infestation Rate of Papaya by Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Relation to the Degree of Fruit Ripeness. J. Econ. Ent. 82(10): 213-219.<br /> * Lockwood, S. 1957. Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. Loose-Leaf Manual of Insect Control. California Department of Agriculture.<br /> * Marsden, D. A. 1979. Insect Pest Series, No. 9. Melon Fly, Oriental Fruit Fly, Mediterranean Fruit Fly. University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture &amp; Human Resources.<br /> * Nishida, T and H. A. Bess. 1957. Studies on the Ecology and Control of the Melon Fly Dacus (Strumeta) cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae). Hawaii Agric. Exp. Station Tech. Bull. No. 34. pages 2–44.<br /> * Nishida, T. and F. Haramoto. 1953. Immunity of Dacus cucurbitae to Attack by Certain Parasites of Dacus dorsalis. J. Econ. Ent. 46(1): 61-64.<br /> * Vargas, R. I. and J. R. Carey. 1990. Comparative Survival and Demographic Statistics for Wild Oriental fruit Fly, Mediterranean Fruit Fly, and Melon Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Papaya. J. Econ. Ent. 83(4): 1344-1349.<br /> * Anonymous. 1959. Insects not known to occur in the United States. Cooperative Economic Insect Report 9 (19): 343-368. Melon fly (Dacus cucurbitae (Coq.)),: 367-368.<br /> * Back EA, Pemberton CE. 1917. The melon fly in Hawaii. U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 491: 1-64.<br /> * Bautista R, Harris E, Vargas R, Jang E. (2004). Parasitization of melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) by Fopius arisanus and Psyttalia fletcheri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the effect of fruit substrates on host preference by parasitoids. ARS-Research. https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=155470 (26 July 2004).<br /> * Berg GH. 1979. Pictorial key to fruit fly larvae of the family Tephritidae. San Salvador: Organ. Internac. Reg. Sanidad. Agropec. 36 p.<br /> * Chu HF. 1949. A classification of some larvae and puparia of the Tephritidae (Diptera). Cont. Inst. Zool., Natl. Acad. Peiping (Beijing) 5: 93-138<br /> * Green CT. 1929. Characters of the larvae and pupae of certain fruit flies. Journal of Agricultural Research (Washington) 38: 489-504.<br /> * Hardy DE. 1949. Studies in Hawaiian fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 51: 181-205.<br /> * Heppner JB. 1988. Larvae of fruit flies IV. Dacus dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry Entomology Circular 303: 1-2.<br /> * Foote RK, Blanc FL. 1963. The fruit flies or Tephritidae of California. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 7: 1-117.<br /> * Phillips VT. 1946. The biology and identification of trypetid larvae (Diptera: Trypetidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 12: 1-161.<br /> * Pruitt JH. 1953. Identification of fruit fly larvae frequently intercepted at ports of entry of the United States. University of Florida (Gainesville), MS thesis. 69 p.<br /> * USDA, Survey and Detection Operations, Plant Pest Control Division, Agriculture Research Service. Anonymous. 1963. The melon fly. Pamphlet 581. 4 p.<br /> * White IM, Elson-Harris MM. 1994. Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics. CAB International. Oxon, UK. 601 p.<br /> <br /> ==外部連結==<br /> <br /> * 夏威夷大學馬諾阿分校研究<br /> * 加州大學物候模型<br /> * 瓜實蠅影像<br /> * 輻射研究<br /> <br /> Category:實蠅屬<br /> Category:植物病原體蟲媒<br /> Category:亞洲雙翅目<br /> Category:1849年描述的昆蟲<br /> Category:農業害蟲<br /> <br /> [[分類: 待校正]]</div>

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